The Road To Salvation Essay -- essays research papers

Dhanpat Rai Shrivastava was conceived on July 31, 1880 in the little town of Lamahi, situated close to the city of Banaras in India. Albeit naturally introduced to the Hindu Kaystha standing, comprised of experts including authors, specialists and attorneys, his family was poor. His dad was a low paid postal representative. His mom kicked the bucket when he was just eight years of age. His dad remarried, yet Dhanpat Rai didn't care for his stepmother. He examined Urdu and Persian, dialects utilized in writing and organization in nineteenth century North India at a close by school. He recalles his youth affectionately in one of his accounts, so it is genuinely sheltered to accept that he was a cheerful and all around thought about youngster. Dhanpat Rai was hitched at the early age of fifteen. This marriage didn't keep going long, potentially on the grounds that he was hurried into the marriage by his dad. He later remarried a balavidhava, or youth widow named Shivrani Devi. This marriage was an upbeat one, and they had a few kids together. She was supposed to be extremely steady of him for the duration of their lives together. Dhanpat Rai moved on from school at eighteen years old and started to instruct around the open country. He instructed for a couple of years in different North Indian towns while winning a professional education. Dhanpat Rai started to compose when he started educating school. He took up the nom de plume Premchand when he started composing. His composing was something other than a past an ideal opportunity for him; it was an endeavor to change the social structure of India. Premchand passed on at 56 years old on Oc...

Smoking: Hazardous to Your Health Essay -- Argumentative Rebuttal Essa

Smoking: Hazardous to Your Health An around fourteen days prior I read an exposition called, â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† by Peter Brimelow. This essay’s central matter attempts to clarify how smoking can be useful here and there. Brimelow’s exposition claims smoking can help while driving. Brimelow additionally figures smoking can help secure individual flexibilities alongside profiting wellbeing somehow or another (141). In any case, cigarette smoking is the absolute most preventable reason for sudden passing in the United States (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report). Plainly at that point, smoking is a dangerous movement and causes numerous passings. Driving and Smoking Brimelow educates his perusers that smoking can build readiness and smoothness which will help when driving (Brimelow 141). It has been affirmed this is valid. In spite of the fact that I don't smoke, would it be a good idea for me to on the off chance that I am getting languid while driving? Luckily, it isn't important. There are numerous different guides that can help with sharpness, for example, caffeine. Numerous famous beverages, for example, espresso, cappuccino, or pop contain caffeine which can help take out tiredness. There are risky of smoking while at the same time driving moreover. Cigarettes can be awkward and an interruption while driving. In the event that there is anything combustible in the vehicle, a lit cigarette represents a potential peril. Likewise, if others are in the vehicle simultaneously, they will be compelled to breathe in the risky poisons skimming around. Opportunity While discussing opportunity and individual decisions, Brimelows’ paper takes note of that we can â€Å"†¦judge, as people, that the prize exceeds the hazard. This is called freedom†(141). It is hard to give everybody their wants related with smoking. I detest the sme... ...enefit in a couple of little ways, however has a lot increasingly negative outcomes. Smoking, alongside recycled smoke, has caused numerous preventable passings in the United States. Smoking is clearly perilous, alongside being the reason for some passings in the United States. Works Cited Brimelow, Peter. â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† The Genre of Argument. Ed. Irene L. Clark. Boston: Thomson-Heinle, 1998. â€Å"Cigarette Smoking-Attributable Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lostâ€United States, 1990† 19 Sept. 1998 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 March 2004 <http://www.cdc.gov.mmwr.preview/mmwrhtml/00021441.htm>. Clark, Irene L. The Genre of Argument. Ed. Irene L. Clark. Boston: Thompson-Heinle, 1998. â€Å"OMA position paper things being what they are smoke† Nov. 1996 Ontario Medical Association. 16 March 2004 <http://www.oma.org/phealth/2ndsmoke.htm>. Smoking: Hazardous to Your Health Essay - Argumentative Rebuttal Essa Smoking: Hazardous to Your Health An around fourteen days back I read an exposition called, â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† by Peter Brimelow. This essay’s primary concern attempts to clarify how smoking can be useful somehow or another. Brimelow’s paper claims smoking can help while driving. Brimelow likewise figures smoking can help ensure individual flexibilities alongside profiting wellbeing here and there (141). Regardless, cigarette smoking is the absolute most preventable reason for sudden passing in the United States (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report). Unmistakably at that point, smoking is an exceptionally dangerous action and causes numerous passings. Driving and Smoking Brimelow advises his perusers that smoking can build readiness and aptitude which will help when driving (Brimelow 141). It has been affirmed this is valid. Despite the fact that I don't smoke, would it be a good idea for me to on the off chance that I am getting languid while driving? Luckily, it isn't fundamental. There are numerous different guides that can help with sharpness, for example, caffeine. Numerous famous beverages, for example, espresso, cappuccino, or pop contain caffeine which can help dispense with tiredness. There are dangerous of smoking while at the same time driving moreover. Cigarettes can be unwieldy and an interruption while driving. In the event that there is anything combustible in the vehicle, a lit cigarette represents a potential peril. Likewise, if others are in the vehicle simultaneously, they will be compelled to breathe in the perilous poisons gliding around. Opportunity While discussing opportunity and individual decisions, Brimelows’ paper takes note of that we can â€Å"†¦judge, as people, that the prize exceeds the hazard. This is called freedom†(141). It is hard to furnish everybody with their wants related with smoking. I detest the sme... ...enefit in a couple of little ways, however has a lot increasingly negative results. Smoking, alongside recycled smoke, has caused numerous preventable passings in the United States. Smoking is clearly perilous, alongside being the reason for some passings in the United States. Works Cited Brimelow, Peter. â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† The Genre of Argument. Ed. Irene L. Clark. Boston: Thomson-Heinle, 1998. â€Å"Cigarette Smoking-Attributable Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lostâ€United States, 1990† 19 Sept. 1998 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 March 2004 <http://www.cdc.gov.mmwr.preview/mmwrhtml/00021441.htm>. Clark, Irene L. The Genre of Argument. Ed. Irene L. Clark. Boston: Thompson-Heinle, 1998. â€Å"OMA position paper actually smoke† Nov. 1996 Ontario Medical Association. 16 March 2004 <http://www.oma.org/phealth/2ndsmoke.htm>.

A Brief Addition to My Last Exposition

A Brief Addition to My Last Exposition My introduction to most of the MIT Admissions staff aside from my application, which I barely remember anymore occurred via a link in the blog comments to a post in some older blog yall dont know about, when I was so panicked about receiving my admissions decision that I may or may not have torn apart my house trying to find a crowbar so I could break into my mailbox. (what?! My parents were out of town, and I didnt have a mailbox key. The tube was by my front door. I missed it on my way in to find the crowbar. I am an idiot sometimes.) Two days before The Crowbar (Non)Incident, I wrote the following over on the emo, emo LiveJournal: [MITs] admit rate terrifies me more than just a little I mean, 12.2%? Come on, you know the 87.8% deferred or denied cant have all been absolute idiots. What if theyve already reached their (nonexistent) quota of black, female, National Merit Scholar, (possible) salutatorian, overachieving drama freaks with too many credits to her name? What if theres someone else out there just like me except maybe they did something impossible or unthinkable (like teaching Latin to orphan children, or something of the sort) that made them just a hell of a lot more special than me? Sound familiar? Two of the last three summers, Ive had the wonderful opportunity to live and work with gifted students as they took classes through the Center for Talent Development at Northwestern University. Many of these engaging, talented students are now high school seniors applying to college, and theyre understandably nervous about what the next few months will bring them. Over here on the blogs, we arent very far removed from the admissions process ourselves. We dont forget what its like to be that worried about your future. Some of us are dealing with it again right now. The main difference is that four years ago I was sure Id end up at a good college doing something I loved once the whole application ordeal was over. (The same will happen to most of you!) Things arent nearly as certain anymore. Pooooooop. Meh, itll be fine. Ill end up somewhere awesome. Am I right? Im totally right. (Also, I dont really want to leave MIT, but thats just IAP talking. Just wait until classes start again and ask me if thats still true.)

1949 UN Resolution Calling for Referendum on Kashmir

Pakistan was carved out of India in 1947 as the Muslim counterweight to Indias Hindu population. Predominantly Muslim Kashmir to the north of both countries was divided between them, with India dominating two-thirds of the region and Pakistan one third. A Muslim-led revolt against the Hindu ruler triggered a build-up of Indian troops and an attempt by India to annex the whole in 1948, provoking a war with Pakistan, which sent troops and Pashtun tribesmen to the region. A UN commission called for the withdrawal of both countries troops in August 1948. The United Nations brokered a cease-fire in 1949, and a five-member commission made up of Argentina, Belgium, Columbia, Czechoslovakia and the United States drew up a resolution calling for a referendum to decide Kashmirs future. The full text of the resolution, which India never allowed to be implemented, follows. Resolution of the Commission of January 5, 1949 The United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan, Having received from the Governments of India and Pakistan, in communications dated 23 December and 25 December 1948, respectively, their acceptance of the following principles which are supplementary to the Commissions Resolution of 13 August 1948: 1. The question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite; 2. A plebiscite will be held when it shall be found by the Commission that the cease-fire and truce arrangements set forth in Parts I and II of the Commissions resolution of 13 August 1948 have been carried out and arrangements for the plebiscite have been completed; 3. (a) The Secretary-General of the United Nations will, in agreement with the Commission, nominate a Plebiscite Administrator who shall be a personality of high international standing and commanding general confidence. He will be formally appointed to office by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir.(b) The Plebiscite Administrator shall derive from the State of Jammu and Kashmir the powers he considers necessary for organizing and conducting the plebiscite and for ensuring the freedom and impartiality of the plebiscite.(c) The Plebiscite Administrator shall have authority to appoint such staff of assistants and observes as he may require. 4. (a) After implementation of Parts I and II of the Commissions resolution of 13 August 1948, and when the Commission is satisfied that peaceful conditions have been restored in the State, the Commission and the Plebiscite Administrator will determine, in consultation with the Government of India, the final disposal of Indian and State armed forces, such disposal to be with due regard to the security of the State and the freedom of the plebiscite.(b) As regards the territory referred to in A.2 of Part II of the resolution of 13 August, final disposal of the armed forces in that territory will be determined by the Commission and the Plebiscite Administrator in consultation with the local authorities. 5. All civil and military authorities within the State and the principal political elements of the State will be required to co-operate with the Plebiscite Administrator in the preparation for the holding of the plebiscite. 6. (a) All citizens of the State who have left it on account of the disturbances will be invited and be free to return and to exercise all their rights as such citizens. For the purpose of facilitating repatriation there shall be appointed two Commissions, one composed of nominees of India and the other of nominees of Pakistan. The Commission shall operate under the direction of the Plebiscite Administrator. The Governments of India and Pakistan and all authorities within the State of Jammu and Kashmir will collaborate with the Plebiscite Administrator in putting this provision into effect.(b) All person (other than citizens of the State) who on or since 15 August 1947 have entered it for other than lawful purpose, shall be required to leave the State. 7. All authorities within the State of Jammu and Kashmir will undertake to ensure, in collaboration with the Plebiscite Administrator, that: (a) There is no threat, coercion or intimidation, bribery or other undue influence on the voters in the plebiscite;(b) No restrictions are placed on legitimate political activity throughout the State. All subjects of the State, regardless of creed, caste or party, shall be safe and free in expressing their views and in voting on the question of the accession of the State to India or Pakistan. There shall be freedom of the press, speech and assembly and freedom of travel in the State, including freedom of lawful entry and exit;(c) All political prisoners are released;(d) Minorities in all parts of the State are accorded adequate protection; and(e) There is no victimization. 8. The Plebiscite Administrator may refer to the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan problems on which he may require assistance, and the Commission may in its discretion call upon the Plebiscite Administrator to carry out on its behalf any of the responsibilities with which it has been entrusted; 9. At the conclusion of the plebiscite, the Plebiscite Administrator shall report the result thereof to the Commission and to the Government of Jammu and Kashmir. The Commission shall then certify to the Security Council whether the plebiscite has or has not been free and impartial; 10. Upon the signature of the truce agreement the details of the foregoing proposals will be elaborated in the consultations envisaged in Part III of the Commissions resolution of 13 August 1948. The Plebiscite Administrator will be fully associated in these consultations; Commends the Governments of India and Pakistan for their prompt action in ordering a cease-fire to take effect from one minute before midnight of 1 January 1949, pursuant to the agreement arrived at as provided for by the Commissions Resolution of 13 August 1948; and Resolves to return in the immediate future to the Sub-continent to discharge the responsibilities imposed upon it by the Resolution of 13 August 1948 and by the foregoing principles.

Intro to Database Systems Chapter 1 Essay - 1016 Words

Chapter 1 1 A. Data = raw fact (pg. 5) B. Field = a character or group of characters that defines a characteristic of a person, place, or thing. (pg. 660) C. Record = a collection of related fields (pg. 666) D. File = a named collection of related record (pg. 660) 2. Data redundancy is when the same data are stored unnecessarily at different places. Spreadsheets /islands of information lead up to the date redundancy. (pg. 16) 3. Data independence is when it is possible to make changes in the data storage characteristics without affecting the application program’s ability to access the data. It standalone data so it doesn’t need to be link with anything. (pg. 15) 4. DBMS is a collection of programs that manages the†¦show more content†¦Operational database – a database that is designed primarily to support a company’s day to day operation. Data warehouse – focuses primarily on storing data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decision. (pg. 9) 9. Hardware, software, people, procedures, and data (pg. 18-20) 10. Metadata is data about data (pg. 7) 11. Better and faster speed also less errors 12. Increased costs, management complexity, maintaining currency, vendor dependence, and frequent upgrade/replacement. 13. Unstructured data are data that exist in their original state but structured data not. It is the generation of information. The structured data is more prevalent in a typical business environment. (pg. 9-10) 14. Self-documentation through metadata, enforcement of data types or domains to ensure consistency of data within a column, defined relationships among tables, or constraints to ensure consistency of data across related tables. (pg. 23) 15. It doesn’t read your mind. It only received the raw data user put in. 16. Understanding the shortcomings of the file system enables you to understand the development of modern database. (pg. 14) Chapter 2 1. Data model is a relatively simple representation, usually graphical, of more complex real world data structures. It is an iterative, progressive process (pg. 30) 2. Business rule is a brief, precise and unambiguous description of a policy, procedure, or principle within aShow MoreRelatedSmith Systems Consulting Project Plan1685 Words   |  7 PagesLearning Team C Smith Systems Consulting Project Plan Smith Systems Consulting Smith Systems Consulting has been at the forefront of the Information Technology Services and Consulting industry since it was founded in 1984. Their driving vision has been to provide the absolute best to their customers in all aspects of services and prices at rates that are affordable. They believe they can do this because they employ the best in the industry. Their simple approach to customer service has beenRead MoreThe Public Cloud Based On Overhead Considerations3446 Words   |  14 Pagesbased on the overhead considerations Project Submitted to Department of Computer Science Southern University and A M College By Himavarshini Mittapally Graduate Student, Dept. of Computer Science Baton Rouge, Louisiana. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 01 1.1 Background †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 01 1.2 Significance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 03 1.3 Statement of Problem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 03 1.4 Research Questions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAutomated Vehicle Identification And Parking System Essay4591 Words   |  19 PagesIniworikabo] APPROVED BY Dean Faculty of Computing and Applied Sciences â€Æ' CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this Thesis/Report entitled Automated Vehicle Identification Parking System (A.V.I.P), which is submitted by Soala Iniworikabo in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree for B.Sc. in Information Technology to the Department of Computer Science, Baze University Abuja, Nigeria is a record of the candidate’sRead MoreProject Database Planning Process On The Needs Of A Beverage Company3149 Words   |  13 Pages1.1 Database Planning This project bases the database planning process on the needs of a beverage company. 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Complexity On The Implementation Of KTSP Free Essays

string(138) " and its execution in schools and even still busy utilizing the old theory in the procedure of instruction and acquisition in schoolroom\." Background In the class of history since 1945 ( Independence Year ) , the national course of study of Indonesia had undergone changed into several times, viz. in 1947, 1952, 1964, 1968, 1975, 1984, 1994, 2004 and the latest course of study of KTSP 2006 ( best understood as School Based Currriculum ) , â€Å" those amendments are logically effects of â€Å" political issue, authorities system, societal cultural, economic, scientific discipline and engineering † alterations in the life of province community † ( Soekisno, 2007, parity. 1 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Complexity On The Implementation Of KTSP or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the course of study as a set of educational programs should be developed dynamically in conformity with the demands and alterations that occur in society. All Indonesia ‘s national course of studies were designed based on the same foundation, viz. Pancasila ( Philosophical foundation of the Indonesian Republic ) and the 1945 fundamental law, the chief differences among those course of studies were merely on stressing of educational ends and attacks to recognize it. Continuing to better the quality of instruction in order commensurate with others development states, Indonesian authorities has made assorted alterations, and continues to reexamine the execution of instruction in Indonesia. As known, the National Education Standards of Indonesia ( BSNP ) had regulated through Government Regulation ( PP ) No. 19 Year 2005 set eight contents of the Standards of Education, specifically Content Standard, Standard Process, Graduates Competency Standards, Educators Standards and Education Workforce, Infrastructure Standards, Management Standards, Financial Standards and Evaluation Standards. Simultaneously through that Government Regulation No.19 twelvemonth 2005 affected to the way of Indonesian course of study development policies to implement its Content Standard ( SK ) and Graduate Competency Standard ( SKL ) where so being established through the Regulation of The Minister of National Education: Number 22, 23, 24 twelvemonth 2006. These three ordinances so farther elaborated to be â€Å" KTSP † ( School Based Curriculum ) which is built and developed by each educational unit or school in Indonesia. Harmonizing to Azumardi Azra ( 2006 ) explained that the alterations in instruction in Indonesia means that there are two new paradigms emerged in instruction, switching the orientation of the policy where antecedently being centralized to deconcentrate, so national instruction is more orientated to the larning procedure instead than consequences. Decentralized system means to implement the new discovery of School-Based Curriculum where much known as KTSP in Indonesia. KTSP which is so translated to be School-Based Curriculum ( SBC ) , this sort of course of study replaced its predecessor of Competence Based Curriculum ( KBK ) 2004. Mulyasa ( 2008 ) viewed about in every bend of the Ministry of Education will likely alter the course of study. Its alteration of course of study had implicated and affected the national instruction system of Indonesia ; it had non merely affected the acquisition clime in the schoolroom, every bit good as the preparedness of the principal and capable instructors in attempt to understand and use the pattern. In add-on, Sutrisno A ; Nuryanto ( 2008 ) viewed that the execution has non optimally pattern as a sequence of educational culprits who think KTSP differ with KBK. Meanwhile Suhadi ( 2006 ) argued in such of that premise due to a priory attitudes and psychological opposition against the alterations. Whereas the alterations heightening the operational pattern of course of study which are developed and implemented by each schools dwelling of their ain several ends, local content positions, educational calendar and course of study. KTSP which was being mandated by Ministry of National Education Indonesia ( MoNE ) through The National Education Standard Institution ( BSNP ) means to reenforce the execution of its predecessor ( read: KBK ) , it implies that KTSP still put force per unit area on developing pupils competences, harmonizing to Fasli A ; Bachruddin ( 2007 ) said that KTSP execution will non be undergoing through a public trial, because this course of study has been tested through KBK which was being applied by several schools in a pilot undertaking before the Born of KTSP. This is so a following-up toward course of study alteration in the context of regional liberty and decentalisation of instruction programmed by the authorities of Indonesia. The execution of this course of study is focused on three dimensions of pupil ‘s enrichment of cognition ( cognitive ) , attitude formation ( affectional ) and behaviour ( psychomotor ) . On KTSP the school and instructor have an authorization to make up one’s mind the educational ends based on their ain schools position, in other words, teacher have responsibilities on: ( 1 ) concept and explicate the proper end, ( 2 ) choose and concept the right lesson stuff harmonizing to the demands, involvement and kids development stage, ( 3 ) utilizing assorted methods and learning media, ( 4 ) and build the plan and the right rating. A course of study should be made consistently and item, which will ease the instructor on its execution. However, KTSP faces major challenges related to incorporate of local information, national, and international. Uniting these integratings may merely be solved by holding resources which are prepared in front of clip, non by the instructors who prepared immediately through a assortment of course of study development aid plans. More unsafe if the schools finally merely offered darnel or follow the guidelines were offered by National Education Standard ( BSNP ) . If so, SBC will make the instant schools, stunted creativeness while it ‘s really contrary to the authorization of the KTSP. Some of the grounds behind the demands for this research include ( 1 ) KTSP execution demands to be evaluated at the same time through qualitatively and quantitatively, and ( 2 ) the consequences of that rating can be made as the basic information for all policy determinations relate to educational elements in Riau Province particularly at Indragiri Hilir Regency. Research Problem However, holding launched on 2006, there were many issues discussed by experts and parties whose responsible for instruction, peculiarly in the execution of School Based Curriculum ( KTSP ) which has unequal human resources whose capable to construe even lucubrate it into the pattern of educational unit, rawness of the back uping installations of its execution, the instructors do non understand KTSP as a whole, both in footings of construct and its execution in schools and even still busy utilizing the old theory in the procedure of instruction and acquisition in schoolroom. You read "Complexity On The Implementation Of KTSP" in category "Essay examples" In conformity with the principal of KTSP, all degrees and types of instruction in Indonesia must develop their ain course of study based on their possible countries and pupils. This is supported by Minister of National Education Regulation No. 22 of 2006 on the Content Standards, every bit good as Minister of National Education Regulation No. 23 of 2006 on Graduates Competency Standards ( SKL ) , these ordinances mandate to the schools in order being required to fix their ain course of study. However, this policy is non accompanied by instructors ‘ preparedness even understanding, these generate the confusion among them while using the KTSP. As informed by Curriculum Center 2010, the monitoring noticed about the execution of KTSP has been conducted largely in big countries, although bulk of them still following from bing theoretical account of course of study. Hopefully, with proficient aids that undertaken by assorted parties affect to the success of its development and assisting their apprehension on the construct and doctrine, and so promote them to develop based on their several conditions. There are ever the assorted obstructions occurred during recognizing the authorization of schools and its KTSP, at the first, deficiency of ability is the chief concept, by making the development of staffs ‘ capablenesss while supplying proficient aid to peculiar parts could take them to larn by making. The instability of support for the airing and socialisation of KTSP causes Curriculum Center besides experienced significant cost-cutting steps, it impacts the perfect planning that has been ab initio organized became badly hampered in its execution and besides make the distrusting between local to Curriculum Center. But the best spirit of country in welcoming this new course of study to be extremely efficacious drug for the Curriculum Center to make the best in conformity with the appropriate quality demands, potencies and regional specialnesss. The Implementation of a new course of study would potentially neglect if it was be imprudent to see the strength of human resources. As stated by Francis Hunkins ( 2004 ) argued that â€Å" one ground may fail a new course of study is that execution has non been considered critical in course of study development, farther asserted that often new and advanced plans are blunted at schoolroom doors † ( p. 298 ) . So, a new course of study that is scientifically good may non needfully be implemented or will be blunt its scientific in the schoolroom pattern. Therefore, any jobs arise due to the execution of KTSP supposed to consist more serious concern of Indonesian Government, particularly Indonesian Ministry of National Education. Thingss that must be considered such as the followers: Bettering instructor ‘s quality and understanding toward relevant constructs of KTSP execution. Supplying such of installations and substructure that can back up the successful of KTSP execution. Simultaneously aid every educational unit in developing KTSP. Measuring its procedure at provincial degree to local territory and parts. Whatever the responses from the refering person/social in respect to the execution of KTSP, school and instructor are the cardinal to implement this school based course of study, they themselves are potentially to get the better of any failings occur, if non it will be in vain. As suggested by Nana ( 2001 ) no affair on how good the course of study is, but the consequences are extremely dependent on what is being done by instructors and students in the schoolroom. It means the success of instruction through course of study reformation will finally be determined by instructor as an executor of the course of study, and school as a acquisition supplier. Research Aims This survey aims to see how the execution of School-Based Curriculum ( Initialized as KTSP ) in Junior High Schools and Senior High Schools every bit good as Madrasah at Riau state Indonesia, specifically it will be conducted in one portion of Riau Province viz. Indragiri Hilir Regency. Particularly the aim of this survey is to measure the position of KTSP execution in dimensions of context, input, procedure and merchandise. To calculate out the extent to which KTSP has been being implementing in High Schools and Madrasah To look into the complexnesss of its execution during 4 old ages running To happen out the back uping installations served by national and local authorities in its execution Overall intent of this survey is to see the execution of the KTSP in footings of context, input, procedure and merchandise. Significance of the Study The consequence of this survey will obtain some of the practical benefits as follows: The policy recommendations to Indonesian Ministry of Education ( particularly for Indragiri Hilir Ministry of Education ) based on the aims data that will be resulted at the terminal of the survey. Information to the populace ( stakeholder and parents ) For basic development of relevant course of study stuffs conformity with local potencies and instructor competence criterion. As mention to the theoretical footing for the development of KTSP paradigm based on schools possible demands on regard to its planning, execution, and rating. Research Questions In overall aims, this survey will explicate the research inquiries based on the rating theoretical account of course of study developed by Stufflebeam ( 1972 ) ; those are Context, Input, Process and Product. Thus the research inquiries are formulated as the followers: Dimension of Context How make the English instructors at Indragiri Hilir Regency develop their ain course of study based on schools ‘ desires, pupil ‘s demands and local demands? How do they implement and incorporate all facets of KTSP to their lesson program and instruction? Dimension of Input How the full of KTSP certification ( Lesson Plan, instructors, course of study development stuff, back uping installations, substructure and media ) have been held wholly in every Junior High School, Senior High Schools and Madrasah at Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau? How does the Indragiri Hilir Education Ministry assists the schools to develop their instructors ‘ capableness in developing and implementing KTSP? Dimension of Procedure How is the execution of KTSP in Junior High School, Senior High Schools and Madrasah at Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau? How do they ( Schools and instructors ) evaluate its execution? Dimension of Merchandise How are the consequences of KTSP execution? How the consequence of KTSP execution to pupil ‘s competency in English ( Impact of instructors ‘ creativenesss in planing their ain course of study development ) Chapter II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Literature Review As the latest course of study on 2006 which is derived from KBK ( CBC-Competence-Based Curriculum 2004 ) , KTSP becomes a new discovery in the history of Indonesian instruction course of study, which to come on its development to down-top attack. Contextually, KTSP develop by any groups or commissions of the instruction unit or school/madrasah those under coordination and supervising of the National Indonesian Education Ministry and Local Indonesian Education Ministry. It emphasizes on developing the ability to execute competencies and undertakings with specific criterions, so the consequences affect the pupils on command of a set of specific cognition competences, and values used in many Fieldss of life. Indeed, KTSP is the course of study that reflects the cognition, accomplishments and attitudes and besides refers to the construct of instruction in turning to better pupils ‘ potency optimally. Furthermore, harmonizing to historical records, following the independency of the Republic of Indonesia, the Dutch linguistic communication was replaced by English as the first foreign linguistic communication, and has been recognized as such in Indonesia since 1955 ( Alisjabana, 1976 ; de Han, 2003 as cited in Mochtar Marhum, n.d. ) . Since the 1980s, English has been considered to be the most of import foreign linguistic communication in Indonesia. The authorities ‘s and community ‘s involvement in English has been turning since the early 1990s ( Alwasilah, 1997 ) . This place of English can be traced from authorities paperss on the consequences of Parliament ‘s meetings. In the GBHN ( The Guidelines of the State Policy ) 1983 and 1988, foreign linguistic communication policy was non incorporated. However, in the GBHN 1993, the policy on foreign linguistic communications, peculiarly English, was clearly stipulated. The policy related to the usage and command of En glish. In 1988, Government Regulation No. 55, 56 and 57/1988 altering Government Regulation No. 28, 29/990 was introduced. It confirmed the usage of English in schools. Furthermore, Government Regulation of No 57/1957/1988 confirmed the usage of English as a foreign linguistic communication and as a agency of communicating in the university. Subsequently, it was incorporated into Government Regulation No 60/1999 on the usage of English in all higher instruction. Alwasilah ( 1997 ) suggested that â€Å" the demand for command of English in the globalisation epoch was perfectly necessary. In add-on, it would be ideal if the command of English became the command of 2nd linguistic communication † ( p. 89 ) . Yet, the unique of this KTSP hopefully bring the new instruction theoretical account to the success of Indonesian instruction. The development of a KTSP is a new phenomenon for the school community in Indonesia, accordingly, in the early phase of its execution some obstructions were found in a figure of schools. The freedom of schools to make their ain course of study which is relevant with the demands of pupils can non be to the full implemented ( Harry A ; Burhanudin, 2008 ) . The general theoretical account of it which is being developed as a theoretical account and to the full adopted by a figure of schools has tended to do a similar course of study among schools as to what was being implemented in the centralistic epoch. The alteration in the function of schools from course of study implementer to curriculum developer has made the school community confused. The capacity of school community to analyse the conditions and demands of the pupils and implement them in school course of study demands to be farther improved. Therefore, school aid through professional development plans provided for the caput ins tructors and instructors in the context of this sort of school based course of study is still considered of import for several old ages to come. In line with the school aid, capacity edifice of the educational direction in independent parts ( regency/municipality ) pull offing the course of study development still remains to be completed A figure of surveies have been carried out to look into its ‘ execution, in a old survey conducted on 2008 where located in Jambi state of Indonesia revealed ( Sutrisno A ; Nuryanto, 2008 ) that â€Å" KTSP to all degrees ( Elementary Schools, Junior and Senior High Schools ) holding less applicable in term of ( a ) KTSP developmental readying, ( B ) course of study development, ( degree Celsius ) instructors ‘ ego development, ( vitamin D ) integrated acquisition, ( vitamin E ) local content development, ( degree Fahrenheit ) outcomes assessment, and ( g ) study procedure † ( p. 27 ) . As such the issue above, execution in this context leads to the true preparedness of Jambi state in expecting of alterations toward educational paradigm from a antecedently centralized to deconcentrate. For illustration, KTSP which was launched on the late 2006 more accent on school liberty through developing their ain course of study harmonizing to local demands and wisdoms, means Indonesian course of study is no longer centralized nationally and it is mandated on Indonesian Regulation No. 22 legislated in 1999 by the democracy of Indonesia ( R.I ) . Sing local authorities, decentalisation implies that the authorization to implement and pull off instruction shall be transferred from the national authorities to local territories or municipal authorities degrees. At this point Sutrisno A ; Nuryanto ( 1998 ) besides asserted that the instructors ‘ regulations as facilitator in KTSP elements have non been working as the schools and commissions ‘ outlooks. Furthermore, on different angle reported as the followers: The existent status shows that the paradigm displacement is non needfully accompanied by better consequence. A figure of jobs still progress in Jambi while on degree of states, metropoliss and states. First, non all sectors which are directed to educational policy have human resources competent to explicate the proficient policy and its execution. Second, the progressively of dominant political intercession in finding of policy and execution, contextually in line with the tendency of liberty, bureaucratic concatenation is really closely possible to holding dominantly power to instruction. ( Sutrisno A ; Nuryanto, 1998 p. 24 ) . In a sense, it is of import to see the statement rose on where the KTSP developed, Endo viewed from this position that KTSP is similar to the construct of School-Based Curriculum Development ( SBCD ) in Australia which had begun to put on the mid-1970s, the discourse was in kernel of giving more freedom in finding the course of study by the schools members ( Endo, 1997 ) . SBCD has several features that are by and large similar to SBC development in Indonesia, proved on through the engagement of instructors, engagement of the whole or portion of school staffs ; scope of activities including choice ( pick of a figure of alternate course of study ) , version ( alteration of bing course of study ) , and creative activity ( planing a new course of study ) ; duties transformation from centralist to decentralist ( non ending of duties ) and a continuance procedure among the community and stake-holders ( to help instructors and schools ) . Other surveies have indicated, nevertheless, Indonesian KTSP is non derived from SBCD in Australia, such on this statement Wachyu ( 2009 ) argued KTSP is holding the derived functions factors from SBCD in Australia, KTSP is an incorporate course of study uniting between the Top-Down and Bottom-Up attack that was being confirmed in USPN ( Legislation of Indonesian National Education Standard ) on chapter Ten, article 36 and 37, USPN revealed that Indonesian course of study development is based on National Education Standard ( SNP ) and considerately pay attending on scholars possible diversenesss, schools diversenesss and local demands. In Chapter 38 besides states that the construction and model of the course of study of primary and secondary schools are determined by the authorities. Therefore, KTSP divided into nucleus ( topics are tested nationally ) and local topics that are developed by each educational unit based on the appraisal of its possible, including the content to develo p scholar ‘s personality and potency based on his involvement in the signifier of extra-curricular activities. While SBCD in Australia tend to use bottom-up attack, the full procedure and the phases of course of study based on the possible school. As confirmed by Skillbeck ( 1991 ) that â€Å" School based course of study is a procedure when some or all members of a school take portion on planning, execution, and rating on the facets or elements of the course of study † ( Sklill beck, 1991, as cited in Wachyu, 2009, p. 2 ) . Decentralized course of study ; such of planing, implementing and commanding ( rating and betterment ) carried out through locally by each educational unit, instructors who design its course of study working together with experts, schools committee/madrasah and others portion of society. KTSP development could include all constituents of the course of study or some merely, alternatively of digest can be done by a group or all instructors with respect to the demands of each school in conformity with the conditions in each educational unit or its encompassing communities. KTSP will be more meaningful because of the different state of affairss in a certain local status that lead to the fulfilment of demands, demands and local development. It will bring forth a assortment of design but more easy to understand, mastered and implemented by instructors due to their engagement in spread outing KTSP. Particularly the centre of course of study by Indonesian Education Ministry ( 2007 ) has pointed out besides the advantages and its defects, the advantages are taking on ( 1 ) KTSP is conformity with the demands, conditions, and on diversenesss which every local communities have, car aid in developing society, ( 2 ) more easy to transport out due to the designs that have been prepared by instructors sing the local factors that truly back up to develop. Alternatively, it has besides several defects, ( 1 ) non all instructors have the expertness or accomplishments in course of study development so, non every local schools have the instructors or an expert that proficiently in developing such of it, ( 2 ) contently localized, the alumnus can be deficiency of ability to take part the national fight, ( 3 ) assorted designs that lead to the complexness of monitoring and measuring in term of national acquisition results, ( 4 ) reassigning pupils from certain schools to another schools can d o troubles ( Center for the Development of Curriculum, 2007 ) . Listen Read phonetically Recent studies have noted, researched by Wachyu Sundayana ( 2009 ) , a figure of 60 English instructors from junior and senior high schools spread of 24 regencies and metropoliss in West Java Indonesia were being selected, most instructors who participated in this survey had trained and socialized about KTSP. He organized the research inquiries on ( 1 ) How are English teacher ‘s understanding about KTSP, ( 2 ) How are their perceptual experiences on the development of KTSP, ( 3 ) What complexnesss were raising during implementing and developing its course of study. This survey showed the development of KTSP in every unit of instructions particularly junior high schools and MTs ( Madrasah ) in West Java are still non in line with the phases of development as suggested in the guidelines of BSNP ( Institution of National Education Standard ) . Data aggregation showed most instructors ( 74 % ) know what KTSP was, but they were non clear to what map they have in pattern, implement and develop KTSP, for the same ground Faizah and Ismono studied for look intoing the preparedness of chemical science instructors ( Bangkalan territory of Madura ) , harmonizing to their determination that Chemistry instructors from five schools were non ready to use, the per centum merely reached on 60 % ( Faizah A ; Ismono, 2008, as cited in Yuli Eko Siswono, n.d ) . Simultaneously with the determination of Wachyu Sundayana survey, the complexnesss on its execution concluded as follows: ( 1 ) deficiency of back uping installations of the schools, ( 2 ) rawness of KTSP counsel that received by instructors, ( 3 ) KTSP guideline was non elaborate and clear, ( 4 ) instructors ‘ understanding on KTSP paperss. These informations are consistent with the determination of research conducted by Miftahul Jannah ( 2008 ) demoing about instructors ‘ abilities are low in developing course of study and lesson program, most of respondents ( 75 % ) stated about their inabilities in developing syllabus but merely copying and doubling the illustrations from BSNP without holding a preliminary probe throughout pupils potencies and schools demands. Most of questioning respondents admit to their complexnesss in doing a good course of study and lesson program lines with the pupils and schools demands. This fact showed that instructors holding a great pestile nce to develop among the phase on SBC ( Miftahul Jannah, 2008, as cited in Wachyu Sundayana, 2009. p. 7 ) . Sing Riau state, whole schools on current educational twelvemonth 2009/2010 are come oning to accommodate KTSP, such socialisation have ever done, it felt as complexness because the full procedure of being centralise to deconcentrate does n’t much understand by some instructors, mentioning to the map of instructors on KTSP, instructors are together with schools members to develop KTSP based on pupils ‘ possible and local demands ( UUD No. 20 twelvemonth 2003/article 37 ) . In fact, it is of extreme importance to analyze what we could larn from anterior and present attempts to convey about the schemes that are presently progressed by BSNP to assist every educational unit in developing its course of study. Harianti ( 2008 ) explained although the authorization of national course of study development has changed. It is non doing a sense for course of study centre to lose their occupations, the undertaking alteration increasingly to help schools to fix their ain several course of study. Furthermore, she points out the occupation duty is non seem to be easy, today, there are a big figure of schools in Indonesia contains 43.461 ( simple schools ) , 12.731 ( junior high schools ) , 4.499 ( senior high school ) and 2.655 ( vocational high schools ) , yet, non including Early Childhood instruction, Extraordinary Schools and Madrasah. It does non let for course of study centre helps one by one, there should be a scheme so schools can develop their ain course of study ( parity. 2 ) . The outlook is that they can develop a course of study, going true anchor in bettering local human resources through instruction in national or even in international fight. Empowerment the schools and community in developing KTSP done through a proficient aid, both at the provincial degree every bit good as at the degree of district/city, at the provincial degree expected to show a TPK ( Curriculum Development Team ) whose duty to supply the information and give aids on the development of KTSP to TPK at the degree territory. Authorization at the provincial degree such as Riau is concentrated in the country of course of study development till the squads executing rating and supervising its execution based on their ain several parts, beside at the territory degree is concentrated on the ability of the squad to execute in school course of study development aid. KTSP where normally known as school based course of study gone to be discussed for a long, the wide survey of Marsh Collin et.al ( 1990 ) on their concluding determination of School based course of study development had suggested through bomber of ‘specifics SBCD issues ‘ : â€Å" The cardinal histrions involved in political determinations about schooling in their several states tend to utilize several footings to depict or advance their attempts. Such term include ‘quality of schooling ‘ , ‘school-improvement ‘ , ‘school-focused betterment ‘ , self-managing school ‘ , and many others. Be that as it may, there are a figure of interesting issues about SBCD and ( its equivalent word ) which are presently of considerable involvement and are likely to stay so in the immediate hereafter † . They include: The function of parents and pupils in determination devising Fiscal direction by schools Professional development for instructors Teacher assessment School rating Pressure of fastening cardinal control ( As cited in Marsh Colin, et.al, 1990, pp. 206-207 ) There are ever the assorted obstructions occurred in recognizing the authorization of schools and its KTSP, at the first, deficiency of ability is the chief concept, by making the development of staffs ‘ capablenesss while supplying proficient aid to peculiar parts could take them to larn by making. The instability of support for the airing and socialisation of KTSP causes Curriculum Center besides experienced significant cost-cutting steps, it impacts the perfect planning that has been ab initio organized became badly hampered in its execution and besides make the distrusting between local to Curriculum Center. But the best spirit of country in welcoming this new course of study to be extremely efficacious drug for the Curriculum Center to make the best in conformity with the appropriate quality demands, potencies and regional specialnesss. As informed by Curriculum Center ( 2010 ) , the monitoring noticed about the execution of KTSP has been conducted largely in big countries, although bulk of them still following from bing theoretical account of course of study. Hopefully, with proficient aids that undertaken by assorted parties affect to the success of its development and assisting their apprehension on the construct and doctrine, and so promote them to develop based on their several conditions. Furthermore, the Curriculum centre toward its official web site released about the singularity of KTSP execution in term of schools needs diversenesss, Although the two junior high schools are located in the next vicinity but it was really much different students conditions. The A school whose current scholars come from upper and in-between category of socio-economic with holding high academic accomplishment, all of them want to go on on to university. On the other manus, the B school whose bulks of scholars come from disadvantaged of socio-economic, program to graduate shortly and gaining money is a primary end of schooling. Both of these two schools will develop a really different course of study. School A will concentrate on surveies with higher order believing that enables scholars to hold high academic thought in taking them to go on university. While school B will enrich the topics with several activities that cultivate the accomplishments to work so that scholars feel a sense of great good accomplishments after graduating from school B. There a batch of research workers have investigated about KTSP. Specifically on its execution, based on the reviewing above some research workers had focused on the effectivity on its rating based on the existent phenomenon which occurred in the existent state of affairs of the schools, the author although can non happen the manner of their probe by utilizing several methods of course of study rating theoretical accounts, where known on several surveies like Glatthorn Allan, Floyd A ; Bruce ( 2006 ) studied in their books that course of study rating should be concerned with measuring the value of a plan surveies, a field of surveies, and a class of survey, moreover, they argued of all these three degrees of course of study work are of import. Hereafter, the rating theoretical accounts of course of study as best known practical such as: Tyler ‘s Objectives-Centered Model, Stufflebeam ‘s Context-Input-Process-Product Model, Scriven ‘s Goal-Free Model, Stake ‘s Responsive Model and Eisner ‘s Connoisseurship Model ( Glatthorn Allan, Floyd A ; Bruce, 2006 pp. 302-306 ) . For farther survey, the author will concentrate on the rating theoretical account that developed by Stufflebeam ‘s on Context-Input-Process-Product Model 1971. The context-input-process-product ( abbreviated as CIPP ) theoretical account, has several attractive characteristics, those are: its accent on determination devising seems appropriate for decision makers concerned with bettering course of study, its concern for the formative rating redresss. However CIPP theoretical account has some drawbacks associated, its chief failings seems to be its failure to acknowledge the complexness of the determination doing procedure in organisations. It assumes more reason than exists in such state of affairss and ignores the political factors that play a big portion in these determinations ( Glatthorn Allan, Floyd and Bruce, 2006 ) . Definition of the Footings Several operational definitions used by the research worker to carry on and concentrate on this survey are as follows: Course of study â€Å" The original derivation of the word course of study is from the Latin verb currere, â€Å" to run † ; course of study, a bantam signifier, came to intend a â€Å" racing chariot † or â€Å" race path † ( David Pratt, 1994, p. 5 ) . Curriculum besides can be defined as normative, descriptive, or both. Ellis survey explained â€Å" Prescriptive definitions provide us with what ‘ought ‘ to go on, and they more frequently than non to take the signifier of program, an intended plan, or some sort of adept sentiment about what needs to take topographic point in the class of survey † ( as cited in Allan, Floyd A ; Bruce 2006, pp. 3-5 ) . While harmonizing to the Indonesian Institution of National Education Standards ( 2006 ) stated that course of study is â€Å" a set of programs and regulations about the ends, content, learning stuffs, and the methods used to steer the execution of instructional activities on accomplishing certain educational ends, its certain ends include the national instruction ends in conformity with the local potency demands, instruction unit and scholars † ( p. 5 ) . Another term that could be used to specify the descriptive course of study is experience. The experience course of study provides â€Å" glances † of the course of study in action ( Allan, Floyd A ; Bruce 2006, p. 5 ) . Alan through his book had besides compiled several illustrations of descriptive definitions of course of study from assorted experts, as listed on the followers: All the experiences kids have under the counsel of instructors ( Hollis Caswell A ; Doak Campbell, 1935 ) Those larning each kid selects, accepts, and incorporates into himself to move with, on, and upon, in subsequent experiences ( Thomas Hopkins, 1941 ) All experiences of the kid for which the schools accepts duty ( W.B. Ragan, 1960 ) The set of existent experiences and perceptual experiences of the experiences that each person scholar has of his or her plan of instruction ( Glenn Hass, 1987 ) The Reconstruction of cognition and experience that enables the scholar to turn in exerting intelligent control of subsequent cognition and experience ( Daniel Tanner A ; Laurel Tanner, 1995 ) . ( as cited in Allan, Floyd A ; Bruce 2006, P. 5 ) Allan, Floyd A ; Bruce ( 2006 ) delivered his best definition as the course of study is the programs made for steering acquisition in the schools, normally represented in retrievable paperss of several degrees of generalization, and the realization of those programs in the schoolroom, as experienced by the scholars and as recorded by an perceiver ; those experiences take topographic point in a acquisition environment that besides influences what is learned. For the intent of this survey, course of study is operationally referred as the course of study which is mandated by Indonesian Ministry of Education ( MoNE ) viz. â€Å" Kurikulum Satuan Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan ( KTSP ) † or best initialized as School Based Curriculum. KTSP or School Based Curriculum Since 2006, when Law Number 20 Year 2003 on the National Education System was implemented, the centralised course of study is bit by bit being changed by the school base course of study which is decentralized to the school degree. In the old course of study, the aims, contents, larning methods, and appraisal techniques of the learning appraisal were determined by the Ministry of National Education. In the new strategy of course of study development, the cardinal authorities, which extends to the Board of National Standard of Education, determines the standard competences for the alumnuss from each school degree, the criterion of course of study content, and guidelines for developing the this course of study based on its rights. In conformity with the national criterion and its guidelines, the school community, under the supervising of the local authorities, designs the course of study for its ain schools. The school based course of study consists of several constituents: vision, miss ion, and aims of school instruction, construction and content of course of study, calendar of instruction, and digest of course of study and lesson programs for each class. This course of study development scheme will vouch that the course of study is relevant with the demands and conditions of the pupils. In add-on, the sense of belonging to a school community in the course of study may ensue in optimal execution of the course of study. The execution of school based course of study gives more freedom to schools and school commissions to develop the school course of study, analyze the internal and external school environment, and find the vision, mission, and aims of instruction initiated by the schools. Then, mentioning to national criterions, each school develops its ain course of study through suiting the minimal contents of the course of study determined nationally every bit good as local contents considered of import for the pupils. The local contents are determined by the school community to develop competences of the pupils based on the local resources and specific mission of the schools. In cooperation with the local authorities, the schools determine the calendar of school instruction. In add-on, groups of instructors under the coordination of caput instructors and school commissions prepare the course of study of classs dwelling of constituents for the targeted competences, content of classs, larning experience of pupils, needed instruction stuffs, and the appraisal techniques to be implemented. In order to fix the execution of the course of study at the schoolroom degree, the instructors prepare the lesson program covering the aims of larning to be achieved in one acquisition episode, a acquisition scenario, learning stuffs, and appraisal tools to be applied. Curriculum Implementation Teacher who implements the KTSP course of study should hold assortment resources, methodological analysiss and knows what values bound the pupils. Of class it will necessitate extra-attention of the instructor. Some untrained instructors will cover with jobs, peculiarly in presenting the course of study content to the pupils because a successful invention execution such as curriculum execution needs responsible competences. As what Richard states that instructors are a cardinal factor in the successful execution of course of study alterations and inadequately trained instructors may non be able to do effectual usage of learning stuffs non count how good they are designed ( Richard, 2001, p. 99 ) . The Stufflebeam ‘s CIPP theoretical account for Curriculum Evaluation CIPP is an acronym for ( Context, Input, Process and Product ) that was developed by Daniel Stufflebeam in 1971 ; it began when he and his co-workers were in the sixtiess experienced on measuring instruction undertaking for the Ohio Public Schools District ( B. Robinson, 2002 ) . In this attack, information is seen as most valuable when it helps plan directors to do better determinations, so evaluation activities should be planned to organize with the determination demands of plan staff. Data aggregation and coverage are so undertaken in order to advance more effectual plan direction. There are many different definitions of rating, but one which reflects the CIPP attack is â€Å" Program rating is the systematic aggregation of information about the activities, features, and result of plan for usage by specific people to cut down uncertainnesss, better effectivity, and do determinations with respect to what those plans are making and impacting † ( Patton, 1986, p. 14 as cited in B. Robinson, 2002, p. 1 ) . Daniel Stufflebeam was besides a chaired of Phi Delta Kappa Committee that his theoretical account seemed to appeal on the importance of bring forthing appraising informations for determination devising that leads up to the justification for rating of course of study. Sing to the demands of determination shapers about course of study, Stufflebeam theoretical accounts provides a agency for bring forthing informations associating to four phases of plan operation: context rating, which continuously assesses demands and jobs in the context in order to assist determination shapers determine ends and aims ; input rating, which assesses alternate agencies for accomplishing those ends to assist determination shapers choose optimum agencies ; procedure rating, which monitors the procedures both to guarantee that the agencies are really being implemented and to do the necessary alterations ; and merchandise rating, which compares existent terminals with intended terminals and leads to a series of recycling determinations ( as cited in Allan, Floyd and Bruce, 2006 by Glatthorn, 1987, pp. 273-274 ) . During each of these four schemes, particulars stairss are taken: The sorts of determinations are identified The sorts of informations needed to do those determinations are identified Those informations are collected The standards for finding quality are established The informations are analyzed on the footing of those standards The needed information is provided to determination shapers ( As cited in Allan, Floyd and Bruce, 2006 by Glatthorn, 1987 ) Stufflebeam ( 1971 ) explained that â€Å" CIPP theoretical account was originally developed as a agency to consistently supply seasonably appraising information for usage in decision-making † ( p. 2 ) . Further, he thought that rating should be a procedure of delineating, obtaining and supplying utile information to decision-makers, with the overall end of plan or undertaking betterment. The four facets of CIPP rating ( context, input, procedure and merchandise ) assist a decision-maker to reply four basic inquiries: What should we make? This involves roll uping and analysing demands assessment informations to find ends, precedences and aims. For illustration, a context rating of a literacy plan might affect an analysis of the bing aims of the literacy plan, literacy achievement trial tonss, staff concerns ( general and peculiar ) , literacy policies and programs and community concerns, perceptual experiences or attitudes and demands. How should we make it? This involves the stairss and resources needed to run into the new ends and aims and might include placing successful external plans and stuffs every bit good as garnering information Are we making it as planned? This provides decision-makers with information about how good the plan is being implemented. By continuously supervising the plan, decision-makers learn such things as how good it is following the programs and guidelines, struggles originating, staff support and morale, strengths and failings of stuffs, bringing and budgeting jobs. Did the plan work or win? By mensurating the existent results and comparing them to the anticipated results, determination shapers are better able to make up one’s mind if the plan should be continued, modified, or dropped wholly. This is the kernel of merchandise rating. Figure 1. The CIPP Model of Evaluation Aspect of rating Type of determination Kind of inquiry answered Context Planing determinations What should we make Input signal Structuring determinations How should we make it Merchandise Implementing determinations Are we making it as planned? And if non, why non? Procedure Recycling determinations Make it work? ( Adopted in B. Robinson, 2002, p. 2 ) CIPP Critics on Evaluation Besides holding several attractive characteristics such as: its accent on determination devising seems appropriate for decision makers concerned with bettering course of study, its concern for the formative rating redresss, However CIPP theoretical account has some drawbacks associated, its chief failings seems to be its failure to acknowledge the complexness of the determination doing procedure in organisations. It assumes more reason than exists in such state of affairss and ignores the political factors that play a big portion in these determinations ( As cited in Allan, Floyd and Bruce, 2006, p. 304 ) . CIPP have said besides that it holds an idealised impression of what the procedure should be instead than its actuality and is excessively top-down or managerial in attack, depending on an ideal of rational direction instead than acknowledging its messy world. In pattern, the enlightening relationship between rating and decision-making has proved hard to accomplish and possibly does non take into history sufficiently the political relations of decision-making within and between organisations. In this survey, based on my preliminary observation toward some researches done, there is no a point surveies used a CIPP theoretical account to measure the KTSP course of study particularly in Indragiri Hilir regency, this will be an interesting hereafter to look into how the full facet of decentalisation course of study such as KTSP is implementing at that place. Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design This survey will research and construe the phenomenon of the nature on complexnesss of implementing KTSP course of study on the instruction of English as foreign linguistic communication. The research worker designs this survey as a instance survey, where it is an-in depth geographic expedition of a delimited system ( e.g. , an activity, event, procedure, or persons ) based on extended informations aggregation ( Creswell, 2008, p. 476 ) . This survey will mention to the course of study execution based on the context of its rating technique determined in its Context, Input, Process and Product developed by Daniel Stufflebeam 1971. Research Site Three degrees of different schools will be selected in this survey ; they are junior high school, senior high school and Madrasah ( Islamic senior high school ) . For junior and senior high school will be once more selected each one of the celebrated school in the urban country of Indragiri Hilir Regency, so for Madrasah will be one of the Islamic senior high school in the capital of sub-district of Indragiri Hilir Regency. Sampling Sampling procedure in a qualitative survey depends on the intent of the informations aggregation ( Johnson A ; Christensen, 2000 ; Miles A ; Hubermen, 1994 ) . This means that all samples selected are regarded as holding possible to lend to achieving the replies of the research inquiries, purposive sampling technique will utilize in this survey to look at events, people, and paperss as beginnings of grounds of the context, input, procedure, and merchandise of the KTSP execution. Data Collection Technique To cut down prejudice or restrictions of a specific method, this survey used a assortment of methods ( triangulation ) to garner informations from different beginnings ( Maxwell, 1996 ) . Questionnaire Classroom Observation Documentation and Interview Datas Analysis Data analysis will carry on during the class of garnering farther informations. This is, besides salvaging clip, to avoid the accretion of natural informations collected ( Bogdan and Biklen 1992 ) , and to advance the outgrowth of substantial theory grounded in empirical informations ( Marshall A ; Rossman, 1995 ) . The information will analyse such usage of the followers: Field notes Transcribing Generating classs through cryptography Data Interpretation Ethical Issue How to cite Complexity On The Implementation Of KTSP, Essay examples

How to make the perfect cup of coffee Essay Example For Students

How to make the perfect cup of coffee Essay How to Make the Perfect Cup of CoffeeIts the mandatory wake-up call, the focal point of social gatherings, dessert after a fine meal and the notorious drink for last minute cram sessions. Coffee has driven its way to become one of the vital threads in the fabric of our lives. A favorite throughout history, coffee has reached the pinnacle of popularity among Americans. Yet even with the collection of whole beans, flavored syrups, and fancy coffee machines, individuals still strive to reach that perfect cup of Joe. Armed with only ones skill, the process of coffeemaking becomes paramount. The important steps extend from the first move through the coffee shop to the final sense of satisfaction as the piping liquid touches ones lips. The smell envelops and entices the buyer to test its advertised flavor. This is one of the characteristics that determine the level of ideality in the bean. As the customer chooses a particular blend, there are certain factors to consider. Under no circumstance should one lower the critical standard of coffeemaking by promoting a supermarkets poor imitation of ground coffee. Leaving this horror far behind, the first step into the specialized coffee store brings upon a vast expansion of decision-making. Freshness is the key. The entire piquancy of coffee relies on this component. While deliberating a particular type, the request fore an expert opinion is encouraged. He or she should be trained to answer any uncertainties that arise as you browse. After purchasing the desired coffee, one should understand the rules for storage. Moisture and refrigerator odors are notorious for assaulting the robustness of coffee beans. An airtight container placed in a cool, dry location promotes the best preservation of these precious particles. Whole beans retain their flavor longer than ground beans, supporting the recommendation to merely grind enough coffee for one use. After these steps, the bean is prepared for a successful grinding experience. As freshness is the manual needed to break the code of taintless coffee, it is vital to grind the beans immediately before brewing. Most drip coffee machines require a fine grain, which is achieved through allowing the savoring essence of the grounds to be unleashed into the kitchen. The occasional pause to breathe in the alluring fragrance is strongly advocated. These tiny bits of coffee omitting intense aroma are the key to the correct brewing procedure. When ready to begin one of the final stages, one should be sure to use only fresh, cold water. Coffee consists of 98% wate r, so the quality of the H20 will drastically affect the taste. A stained pot can also detract from the flavor. Simple rinsing of coffee utensils must be replaced by complete cleansing. Before being taken off the coffee maker, the magic potion should be at nearing the final lapse of its cycle. If served at the beginning or end of the brewing cycle, the coffee will be either too strong or too weak, respectively. These essential brewing steps will determine the delight of those served by this marvelous drink. Remaining a vital component of everyday life, coffee will continue to pursue a perfected version. Each cup contains a unique personality that will never be reproduced. By following these guidelines, however, the image of an ideal cup of coffee will become closer to reality. Ones success is measured by the size of the smile on ones face as he or she is served with a great cup of Joe. Bibliography:none mentioned

Pendiulm Effects Essays - Pendulums, Bob, , Term Papers

Pendiulm Effects Laboratory topic # 10 In this experiment we will observe the properties of a pendulum moving in a circular motion rather than the traditional ?back and forth? motion. This will simulate the direction that a satellite would follow above the earths atmosphere. The purpose of this experminate will be to show how gravity pulls on the string and the path that the pendulum follows. Apparatus used: 1. Pendulum with long string 4. Digital stop watch 2. pendulum clamp 5. two-meter stick 3. circular path draen on paper 6. vernier caliper procedures: hang the pendulum for the attached rod and allow the pendulum so it's nearly to the floor. Then align the ball with the center of your circled paper and center the pendulum onto the circle. Practice rotating the pendulum so it follow the circle that you have made. After you have practiced this a few times make a mark on the circle, this is your starting point. Start the pendulum into motion so it will follow its path on the paper and after it has made a complete reveloution that is your first turn. Using your stop watch start timing the reveloutions that it has made. You can use as many turns as you like, just remember that you must make 1 complete turn before stateing that it is one turn. Data: Average radius of pendulum arc ? 30.5cm (Converted to Meters - .0153m) Length of pendulum string( to the top of bob) - 161.8cm Bob diameter ? 2.5cm Pendulum length to center of bob - 163.05cm Angle of string from vertical ? 5.38? Time for 4 reveolutions = 10.57 seconds. Average period = 2.643seconds. Average speed 2.376 m/sec. (15.25/1000 = .0153m*.364m/sec = 2.376 m/sec.) Am= .865 m/sec Ap = .923 % difference = {(am ? Ap)/Ap} * 100% = -6.28% Physics

Effects of Industrialization on the Environment Essay Example

Effects of Industrialization on the Environment Essay Example Effects of Industrialization on the Environment Paper Effects of Industrialization on the Environment Paper First of all, industrialization developments give rise to roundhouse gases which include carbon dioxide and methane. A series of consequences are caused by high content of the greenhouse gases. The content Of carbon dioxide in the air and temperature are rising. The earth is not appropriate for human being to live anymore when it rises up to a certain extent one day. Furthermore, what serious results greenhouse gases bring about is ice thawing and ocean levels rising and coastal pain flooded. It is time that scores of trees should be supposed to be planted and being green eke using less cars more walking is strongly advocated. And global warming is not the only one consequence of industrialization development. In the second place, it also produces copious numbers of harmful gases that contributes to air pollution. The newspaper showed that only one percent of Chinas 560 million urban citizens breathes air considered safe by the European Union. Furthermore, cars emission which makes the air not as fresh as before is also the chief culprit to this pollution. Even though air is such an significant object to mankind making people feel comfortable, numerous industries which have no strainers burning the coal release exhaust gases which contain sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. These acid gases will lead to acid rain which is severe air pollution destroying the structure of soil. Consequently industries should procure sulfur filters or use a well-established air pollution control technology. As a final point, although the development of industrialization brings about advanced economy and technology, it results in water pollution as well. On one hand, a majority of rivers are contaminated With industrial pollutant. Because of this, progressively more seas are turning into dead seas. Furthermore, a great deal of fish and various marine animals cannot exist anymore leading to the decrease of biological diversity. On the other hand, though there is fresh water, it is unfortunate that a great amount of it can no longer be used. With water polluted, the demand for fresh water in peoples daily life and in industry seems not to decrease instead increase. As a result, government would purchase advanced technology to refine it. In conclusion, though industrialization results in economic development making peoples life advanced and comfortable, it correspondingly brings about global warming water pollution and air pollution inevitably. As the old saying goes, environment to man is what water to fish. At present, it is high time for government to take efficient measures to prevent the environment from being worsen. Law is an efficient way to restrain people. It depends on individual. Therefore begin from myself.

Samina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Samina - Essay Example A child with a recurrent cough often turns out to have asthma and sometimes it can be difficult for the doctor to make a diagnosis of asthma straight away. Measuring the Peak Flow Rate (a simple breathing test) with a simple meter at home is often very useful in making the diagnosis and monitoring treatment. (Asthma) In patients with asthma there is chronic inflammation in the bronchi (air passages). This makes their walls swell up so that they become narrower and muscles around the air passages become irritated so that they contract, causing sudden worsening of symptoms. The inflammation can also make mucus glands produce excessive sputum which further blocks up air passages which are already narrowed. If the inflammation is not controlled with treatment, as well as causing acute attacks, it can lead to permanent narrowing and scarring of the air passages so that eventually asthma drugs won't relieve the symptoms any more. This process is known as airway remodeling. (Asthma) Most asthma patients are diagnosed and treated by their GP. Most GPs have asthma clinics where the practice nurse will look after patients with asthma. Most asthma patients can expect to live normal lives and have a normal life expectancy. However, deaths and disability can still occur in patients with asthma and this is usually due to a failure to take preventive treatments properly and regularly. The case ofThe case of Sameena, represents highly allergic sensitivity leading to respiratory as well as skin related problems. Her asthma condition is not well managed at home, and reluctance to abide by the preventive measures in maintaining allergy free home environment, controlling allergic exposure and proper peak flow meter use, has led to conditions where her visits to clinic has increased indicating more dependence on the use of inhalers. There is no cure for asthma at present but modern drugs can control the inflammation to stop it causing symptoms and leading to disability in the future from airway remodeling. The best medicine available at present to control inflammation (and the most important treatment for the vast majority of patients), is a steroid inhaler. It is very important to understand that these medicines need to be used regularly because they are preventers i.e. medicines which protect patients from asthma. Reliever inhalers (e.g. salbutamol) only temporarily relieve the spasm in the airway muscles. This helps to relieve symptoms but does not control the underlying inflammation. Many patients are tempted to rely on their reliever medicine alone. If you have been prescribed a preventer medicine it is very important to use it regularly even when you feel well. (Asthma) The first British guidelines on asthma and management in adults were produced as a result of a joint initiative between the British Thoracic Society (BTS), The Royal College of Physicians of London, the King's Fund Centre and the National Asthma Campaign in 1990. The emphasis of the guideline is on effective administration of the medication, especially inhaled steroid which should be used in milder cases than previously recommended. The guideline reiterates that inhaled steroids are the first choice preventive drug and that a long-acting beta-2 agonist should not be used without concomitant inhaled corticoid steroids (The 2003 recommendation that there should be a trial of other treatments before increasing the inhaled steroid dose above 800mg per day in adult and 400 mg per

Value meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Value meaning - Essay Example To me life is finding g a purpose and pursuing it to the bitter end, no matter the circumstances (Williams, 2012). One of my life’s guiding values is integrity. I believe with integrity one can easily excel where others have terribly gone wrong and failed. Once I was sitting for my end of year exams, and the instructor came and gave us the exams. After that he told us that the exam was 2 hours long and we could start just then. Then to everyone’s surprise, he walked out and left us alone. The exam was quite difficult and nobody could recall learning anything that the instructor had given us to tackle. Some students perused through the notes while others shared information with one another. Several others still conspired to walk out and said they would ask their doctors to write sick leave for them so that they could have the instructor do a makeup, hoping that it would be easy. My mind was racing with ideas, and I almost joined my colleagues in walking out and cheating. However, deep inside of me a small voice told me to do the right thing and just be done (Cohen, 2010). After my 2 hours were over, I glanced back and saw I was the only one left in the classroom. By that time the instructor had arrived and I handed him my paper. He then started congratulating me and told me the test actually was an assessment on students’ integrity and that it had a reward of $2000.In addition, the instructor had arranged with College Press and out of nowhere photographers were milling around me asking so much about me. My story would be run on the front cover of the prestigious Campus News and I became a celeb overnight, in addition to being appointed to several student bodies. From that experience I decided integrity would be part and parcel of me. To date I have adhered to this value and I have never regretted my decision since it has served me well. Purpose in life simply means discovering the reason why one is alive and setting

Using Enterprise Gamification For Improving Business Essay

Using Enterprise Gamification For Improving Business Essay Gamification is the concept of applying game-design thinking to non-game applications to make them more fun and engaging. (Gamification Wiki, 2012) Though a relatively new field, gamification has been used in a variety of applications albeit in a simpler manner, from driving customer loyalty through loyalty points to improving employee engagement within the workforce using titles such as Employee of the Month The latter is an example of enterprise gamification wherein enterprises use gamified systems to bring about internal change. However most such systems are currently heavily simplified and extrinsically focused, only looking to reward employees with badges, which leads to the danger of reducing the employees intrinsic motivations. Also, many of the enterprise gamification platforms have only been designed for use in the developed world and hence the need to explore how these might differ for an Indian audience with its different set of motivations and appeal to them. Taking these into account, this paper looks to explore how gamification works and what are the underlying psychological factors and how Indian enterprises can use it in their employee development process. The findings would lead to a proposed enterprise gamified framework for improving workplace motivations and the performance appraisal process currently being practiced in Indian organizations. Lastly we look at the possible limitations of having such a system in place at the enterprise level and explore areas of further development for future research. Introduction A common definition of gamification is the application of game elements in non game contexts (Deterding, 2011) At the heart of gamification is the objective of getting the desired behavioral response by appealing to the players motivations. A repeatedly used approach is to use the scoring elements used in video games and use them in a different context. Though the term is relatively new, this concept has been in application for centuries in the form of frequent flyer loyalty programs for customers, enterprise leader boards in the sales and customer care divisions. However, in recent years the concept has gradually seen an increasing no. of applications within the enterprise. Some of the examples are listed below Intranet The SAP community network is an internally used community network (intranet) where leader boards for domain experts in every domain is maintained Productivity Enhancement Call centers are using gamification techniques to improve representative performance by making use of leaderboards, levels, virtual badges and immediate feedback. The danger could be that it could be used as a tool to constantly monitor and pressurizing them. Efficiency Enhancement Efficiency enhancement is about improving general skill level of employees and not just the work related to their job. Helping employees deal with their emails is an example. Companies use gamification elements such as progress bars, virtual points and feedback on time spent for emails to help them deal with this. Seriosity is another company that has created a virtual currency around the emails. This helps employees decide which mails to deal with first and decide the urgency of the emails they are sending out to other employees. Knowledge Management Application called WhoWhatWhere is an enterprise collaboration system where consultants are encouraged to share information about what they are working on thereby making it easier for consultants working on similar projects to get in touch with them and seek help Innovation The UK Dept of Works Pension created the Ideastreet, essentially seen as a trading platform for ideas. Employees put forward ideas which have a inherent stock listed price associated with them. Other employees have the option of buying or selling these stocks so that a few of the ideas have a much higher market cap than the others. This has proved to be a well performing solution, with the no. of new ideas being implemented increasing by the tune of 54%. Recruiting and Onboarding Gamification is also being used for recruitment for certain managerial positions using online simulation games that depict real life scenarios and test the decision making skills of the players. This competition leads to a pool of best players who are then considered as potential candidates for the company. All the above mentioned examples of enterprise gamification and gamified systems in general, can be broadly classified according to what user motivations they cater to, which could be intrinsic or extrinsic motivations. The concern with gamified systems that are heavily extrinsically focused such as the one currently employed in call centers, is the long term negative impact that most organizations are not aware of. This is something that shall be addressed in detail in subsequent sections in this paper. Organisations that offer gamification platforms for employee engagement are growing in developed countries. Bunchball is currently one of the biggest which offers Nitro as a plugin gamification application to Salesforce. The Indian enterprise market however, is currently largely untapped and presents huge opportunities for the same. Most Indian employees find the current performance appraisal systems in most organizations highly inefficient and unsatisfactory. The current efforts of the HR professionals to improve employee seem to fall short with workplace morale and productivity running lower than desired. Taking these factors into consideration, this paper looks to propose an enterprise gamification model for improving intrinsic workplace motivations and the performance appraisal systems currently in place in Indian organizations. Theoretical Background What are Games? A formal broad definition applicable to all forms of games proposed by Zimmermann Salen, 2003 says that A game is a system in which players engage in artificial conflict, defined by rules, which result in a quantifiable outcome. However, what this definition lacks is the notion of a feedback system. The feedback system can take the form of points, levels, progress bars and serves to quantify the progress made by the user, how close/far the user is from the goal and provides motivation to keep on playing. In addition to this is the concept of voluntary participation. Be it indoor games such as monopoly, social games, alternate reality games to the most popular sports played today, voluntary participation requires that each one plays the game willingly, accepting the rules and goals of the system with the freedom to enter and leave the game whenever desired. This ensures that the artificially created challenging environment is not found threatening and can be experienced as a playful, safe and enjoyable activity. All these characteristics of the definition of a game are important and are modelled by Dignan in the figure below (Dignan, 2011): A definition of a game (Dignan, 2011) What makes Games so Engaging? Before we delve further, it is important to explore what is it about games that is so engaging and why it seems to be the answer to current workplace engagement and productivity issues according to us. An important research conducted by McGonigal to explore how playing games leads to human happiness has answers to this question. According to McGonigal (2011) studies have actually shown that people are at their happiest when doing hard work at the borders of their skill level. Only when people are continuously challenged according to their skill levels and continuously receive feedback on their work will they have a sustained engagement, otherwise they will end up getting bored.C:UsersmicaDesktopFlow.png This is also explained well by a central model for the appeal for video games the concept of flow. According to psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, people feel best when they are neither underchallenged nor overchallenged but at the right level of skills. And as people learn with time and repetition, challenges have to increase to keep up with growing skills. The research goes on to say that most of the traditionally considered relaxing activities such as watching TV, are actually mildly depressing. She argues that this is because companies often fail to continuously challenge employees at the right level in a structured way without giving them frequent feedback. In short, it goes on to proclaim that The Opposite of Work is not Play, it is Depression. Empirical studies also show how the responses that games elicit are very similar to real life emotions, if not the same. Even if the reward might be growing more crops in Farm Ville, the reward though purely fictitious elicits an emotional state that happens to be no different from a real life scenario. To summarize there are multiple dimensions to games that cater to different needs of the players and have been segregated as follows When it comes to the workplace, at a fundamental level we could conclude that the work in itself not the demotivating factor for workers in an organization. It is more so the lack of one or more of the above needs that results in a decrease in their morale over time. For example a rigid company structure could end up stifling the workers need for independence or autonomy. More so, the absence of a continuous challenge that gives employees an opportunity to master their skills and a more regular, robust feedback system that helps them figure where they stand is currently missing. A gamified system would serve the solution for this through continuous feedback on their current skill set and quantifying their scope of improvement. A choice provided to the user at various stages to set their own goals would mean that their need for autonomy is also served to. Throughout this paper, we would henceforth look at building a framework considering these factors. Using Games as a Form of Behavioural Change Dr. BJ Fogg of Stanford University developed a behavioural model which described three elements Motivation, Ability and Trigger that are necessary for behavioural change to occur. In essence, the greater the user motivation, more the probability of hard to do abilities being performed. Similarly if the motivation for the user is very low, the ability demanded to perform the task must be also very low ie easy to do. C:UsersmicaDesktopFogg.png Even when both motivation and ability are sufficiently high to reach the threshold, a trigger becomes necessary to be able to change the user behaviour. The model is intended to help designers identify what stops people from performing the intended behaviour. Game elements go a long way in incorporating this model to change user behavior in the following manner 1. Game dynamics use positive feedbacks in the form of points, scores, progress, social status etc which help in improving user motivation. 2. Through training and master of skills, they increase the perceived ability of users by making difficult jobs simpler and more manageable. 3. Game dynamics place triggers in the path of motivated users at the optimal level of user ability to trigger a behavioural change. Gamification for Motivational Design At the core of the gamification system is tapping into the right motivational factors that drive users. Since the motivators vary for different people, game systems needs to be customized accordingly. Broadly speaking, motivators can be divided into extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. Extrinsic motivators are driven by external rewards such as the desire for power and status. Intrinsic motivators are driven by the inherent joy of doing the task itself instead of using any external reward mechanisms. Such motivators at the workplace might include autonomy, mastery, curiosity and feeling connected to the overall cause of the company. Traditionally, most enterprises have essentially made use of extrinsic motivators to motivate employees and enhance productivity. But studies show that excessive focus on external rewards results in users losing their intrinsic motivation to perform the task that previously existed, which is not in the best interests of the user itself. If the organization starts using gamification based upon external rewards and then stops the rewards program, it will be worse off than when it started as users will be less likely to return to the behavior without the external reward (Deci, Koestner Ryan, 2001). Good gamification practise however emphasizes on intrinsic motivators to help them succeed in work life. Hence the concept of meaningful gamification takes it a level further through gamified designs, with the user at its centre, appealing to his/her intrinsic motivations and with a focus on providing user benefits without any adverse effects in the long run. Reiss Sixteen Motivators (2001) Despite the many theories in the field, few are based on actual scientific research. One of them was Steven Reiss who in his book Who am I comes up with 16 categories of motivators which are collected in a statistical manner using which he tries to explain human behaviour. Among the 16 we found only 11 categories to be relevant to the workplace as the rest were found to be related to basic physical needs such as consuming eating which is outside our scope. The 11 categories are presented below with a brief description of their desire profile and segregated into intrinsic and extrinsic motivators accordingly: The dominant motivators among this list would be different for the various profile segments, hence research would be necessary to figure out the most important motivators at work for Indian employees which will form the core of the gamification framework to be designed. Research Methodology A quantitative approach was adopted by means of a survey to capture the relative importance of the 11 Reiss motivators found to influence human behavior in a workplace environment. The sample size for the survey was 36 individuals working in different organizations across India. Respondents were asked to rate the importance of the motivators for them on a Likert Scale. After their responses were captured, a regression was run to establish a relationship between the respondents levels of motivation in a workplace and the various motivators. The relative importance of the motivators was then established by comparing their standardized coefficients. The process then led us to the motivators that were considered most important by Indian employees in the context of a workplace environment. C:UsersmicaDesktopTempg.png Research Methodology Process Leading to the Gamified Framework These dominant workplace motivators and barriers to adoption insights would then be used to design the appropriate game mechanics and come up with the final gamified system as shown in the figure above. Findings Analyzing the results of the survey showed us that Indian Employees are motivated by factors such as curiosity, independence,social contact status and not factors such as competition or power. This implies that the gamification structure that is created needs to have game layers that focuses on group tasks and freedom of players involved in the game. The game layers also need to emphasize on increasing ability since curiosityis an important motivator for Indian employees. On the basis of the results obtained we make the approach to design a gamified framework. Since there currently does not exist a fixed method of developing a gamified system we have given our recommendations based on these results and the theoretical construct described above. Choosing the Right Game Mechanics The biggest problem with todays workplace is the absence of any structured goals that provide an optimal challenge, real time feedback of ones own performance and how the contribution has an impact at an organizational level. In this context game mechanics serve the purpose of increasing either ability or motivation to accomplish the desired behaviour for the employees through real time feedback in the form of points, progress bars etc and other components. Since the major motivators in the Indian workplace context have been found to be curiosity, social contact status and independence/autonomy, care must be taken to see that different game mechanics are in place to cater to these motivations. Hence the following proposition consisting of three different features that serve a different purpose, appropriate mechanisms would be used 1. Personal Efficiency Model For Curiosity Autonomy Motivators To-do lists and progress bar map to track the employees personal goals such as time management, emails cleared, level of project completed etc both to increase ability and motivation. This is done by assigning progress to create incentives for players to complete goals they set for themselves. A sample diagram depicting the same is as given below C:UsersmicaDesktopPicture1.png Sample Visual Map of Individually Set Goals and Status of Completion To cater to the employees motivation for curiosity, a set of interactive quizzes and challenges of different levels testing his/her knowledge in the domain would be necessary. The levels would be of adaptable difficulty (such as in GMAT exams), based on the performance of the worker in the previous level. Customisation components to choose personal goals in different competency areas. This provides workers with a feeling of independence and autonomy. 2. Online Stock Market Model For Status and Social Contact Idea Resource A game where individuals come up with innovative ideas in their domain which are listed on the virtual stock exchange. Employees can now buy/sell these ideas using in game currency so that each idea now has a market cap too. Resource Management using in-game currency as extrinsic rewards for good idea suggestions 3. Peer Recognition and Social Features For Social Contact and Status Community features to encourage unexpected positive feedback from peers and improve motivation when individual contribution levels have reached. A similar interface to elicit positive peer feedback on a software called Rypple is shown in the figure. Social Badges to cater to the players need for appreciation from colleagues and flaunt their status C:UsersmicaDesktopwork.jpg Social Recognition Feature Employed on Rypple.com Designing a Gamification Framework There are three major frameworks and models included in this paper for the purpose of coming up with a gamification framework. There are Dignans Game Frame which describes all the necessary components of a behavioural game (Dignan, 2011), Dr. Reiss Sixteen motivators which describes what motivates the player (Reiss, 2001) and lastly Dr. Foggs Behaviour model which examines how a new behaviour is realised (Fogg, 2011). Dignan describes a behavioural game as made up by ten components which together design the framework Game Frame (Dignan, 2011). The Game Frame allows the designer to look at any behavioural game from the top down, understand its essential parts and see how they together make up a game. In this paper, Dignans Game Frame is used as a structure to describe the situation. This structure needs to be filled with information based on our research. However, to design how the game is played and the available tools for the players, one needs to know what kind of behaviour that is intended (outcome). Before designing how it is played, what currently inhibits the intended behaviour (the obstacles) were investigated from the survey results. The characteristics of these obstacles are then categorised in terms of lack of ability or motivation with Dr. Foggs behavioural model to investigate what kinds of mechanics that will be most efficient to promote the new behaviour. We now take each element of the Dignans frame to explain the overall gamification framework for our system. The Objective and Activity The objectives of this recommended gamified framework will be to encourage employee innovation at the workplace, improve the intrinsic motivation of the employee in alignment with the organizational objectives and to put in place a more robust performance feedback system. Reinforce good habits and real-time recognition and rewards. Recognize achievement publicly or give real rewards in the discount coupons. The main activities of the game will involve entering logs, giving feedback to peers and/or submitting ideas apart from setting custom goals. The Player Profile Based on the results that we obtained using our research, an attempt was made to create a profile for players involved in the system i.e. Indian employees. Since curiosity, status, Independence and social contact proved to be the most important indicators, certain inferences were drawn about the behavior of Indian Employees: Peer recognition and appreciation by fellow employees were significant Learning and development of new skills acts as a powerful motivator Employees remain driven if given the freedom to decide their own goals and pace to achieve those goals Team activities or tasks that involved the organization as a whole generates a lot of interest . Outcomes The last frame in Dignans game frame is the outcomes that are generated along the way of the game. The short-term outcomes should primarily be to get individual feedback on everyday activities at work. The long-term outcomes are to get a clearer picture of the career progress, improve employee morale through feedback. The outcomes of the game are to receive immediate individual feedback about the organizational impact of their contributions and to visualize the career progress. Defining the Feedback Cycle A significant feedback would be in the form of the community-like feature where employees can give feedback on each others personal goal statuses. The motivational factor will be increased by community-driven feedback and intangible rewards. These rewards should be in terms of in-game currency, and badges for reaching a certain personal achievement. One important part of the competence model is that the employees estimate their own performance. In terms of the feedback, this means that the employees need to estimate the value of their own performances in this system as well. Hence, when logging an activity, the employee needs to estimate how valuable that particular action is. Defining Resources and Skills Resources are the drivers of game using which a player moves forward within a game. The resources in the stock based platform for ideas is the virtual currency that players are allotted to buy/sell. Since the currency allotted to players is limited, players must ensure that they allocate it judiciously for ideas that they think will work best. In case of the Gamified feedback system, resources are the badges and points that act as motivators and used to display appreciation for ones efforts. Skills are specialized abilities one that puts to use in a behavioral game and can be categorized as physical, mental and social. Our gamified set up requires players to use their mental skills for generation of ideas and continuous learning and social skills that help individuals get their ideas to be popular and well traded. Triggers Certain activities work very well as triggers. For example simple activities like sending notifications to employees that tell him of his weekly performance in a domain vis-Ã  -vis another employee who is working in a similar domain could act a trigger for the employee .Notifications could also tell the employee of his weekly performance over his/her last weeks performance .The direct comparison is such cases could help employees set the pace for the rest of the week. Transparency Should an employees performance be revealed to other employees? It is a question that needs serious consideration. Often employees do not like the comparison that comes with the sharing of another employees progress and such comparisons could prove to be fatal. An example would be a gamification system based on leader boards employed by Disney for its laundry workers. The real time sharing of information about a workers performance and the continuous comparisons hampered employee performance and created a sense of nervousness amongst employees. On the other hand sharing information is an integral part of the feedback mechanism that allows one to comment and receive feedback on ones progress.A possible solution to the problem would be to let the employee decide by giving him the choice to reveal his/her personal information to whomsoever they want. System Limitations The suggested gamification system has its own strengths and weaknesses. One of the most obvious thing that needs to be ensured is long term engagement. Gamified setups are designed to achieve both short term and long term objectives and therefore needs to be continuously developed and maintained to ensure that players dont get bored. Emphasis must lie on increasing ability of the players and changing the motivational elements within the structure which involves bringing in new game elements and tweaking existing game mechanics Another limitation of a stock market like setup for Ideas is that there comes a time when stocks might be traded due to their association with people and not with ideas. There is an inherent danger of the system becoming a personality driven platform rather than a platform being idea driven. The other danger which has already been mentioned is that of a player getting too involved in the game and restricting his concerns to achieving a higher stock price for the ideas selected by him/her and not the ones that can bring a change. Finally there is the question of participation. Games require voluntary participation from all its players. A platform meant merely for ideas that does not fall within the purview of an employees personal responsibility may not encourage players to voluntarily participate. Employees may however be encouraged by their superiors to part of such a set up but this runs the risk of an employee engaging in the system with not much interest. Any social game requires participation and lack of interest to participate can prove detrimental to the setup. Ideas of System Future Potential and Further Development Even if the suggested game layer attempts to promote each activity by adding motivational elements, a big focus on increased ability has permeated the selection and design of the game mechanics. To achieve a greater impact, organizational elements at the workplace need to be included in the system so that in-game rewards have a clear connection to the consultants career. One step in that direction would be to incorporate projects as part of the game layer. That would allow log entries to be linked to specific project entities and the connection between the system and what the consultant actually do will be clearer (instituting a more relevant feedback loop). It would also create a good way for project leaders and management to give feedback. The down side, and the main reason that it is not proposed, is that it would bring an additional dimension, raising the commitment and time needed to use the system. There is also great potential in adding team based mechanics into the system. These could be project based teams or made up teams. There are many examples showing that the social component in team-based activities is a powerful way of affecting behavior. Dedication takes time but enables more ways to create relevant feedback loops, awards more strongly connected to the consultants professional situation, in-game currency that can be spent in various ways, team-based structure and challenges etc. It is all a question how deep the gamification system is allowed to permeate through the organisation. Another important aspect that needs to be considered before the implementation of a gamified system is to identify how it will impact the skill level of employees. Employee skills can be classified into -a) Core skills i.e. those skills that all employees in the organization are expected to have, b)Unique skills i.e. skills that are unique to an individual and c)Future skills i.e. skills that an employee would like to have in the future. A gamified set up works best in situations where employees can put to use their core skills to be part of a team-based activity for the greater organizational good or in situations where individuals can develop future skills as part of their personal responsibility. While it is imperative that organizations look closely towards data, employee behavior and organizational culture to create a gamification structure that can best support its objectives; it must take steps to ensure that an employee remains motivated to fulfill his responsibilities and does not get lost in the game.